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- hosts.equiv, rhosts - trusted hosts by system and by user
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- The remote login and shell servers use an authentication scheme based on
- ``trusted hosts.'' The /_e_t_c/_h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v file contains a list of hosts
- that are considered trusted and under the same administrative control.
- When an _r_l_o_g_i_n(1C), _r_c_p(1C), _r_d_i_s_t(1C), or _r_s_h(1C) request is received
- from a host listed in _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v and when the targeted user account is
- listed in the /_e_t_c/_p_a_s_s_w_d file, then the remote access is allowed with no
- further checking. In this case, _r_l_o_g_i_n does not prompt for a password,
- and _r_c_p, _r_d_i_s_t, and _r_s_h complete successfully. Thus, a remote user with
- a local user ID is said to have ``equivalent'' access from a remote host
- named in _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v. Users may expand this "equivalence" of machines by
- installing a ._r_h_o_s_t_s file in their login directory. The _r_o_o_t login
- bypasses the /_e_t_c/_h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v file and uses only _r_o_o_t's (typically
- /._r_h_o_s_t_s) file.
-
- TTTThhhheeee ////eeeettttcccc////hhhhoooossssttttssss....eeeeqqqquuuuiiiivvvv FFFFiiiilllleeee
- The format of the _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v files consists of one or more entries of
- the form:
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- _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e [_u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e]
-
- where _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e is the ``official'' fully-qualified name of a host as
- listed in the _h_o_s_t_s(4) database. The official name is the first name
- given in the hosts database entry (and should include the domain name);
- hostname aliases are not recognized. The domain portion of the hostname
- is optional if the hostname's domain matches the one returned by
- _g_e_t_h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e(_2) or _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e(1). If a host is a gateway, i.e., it has more
- than 1 network interface, then an entry for the primary name and each
- gateway name may be required. The _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e can be an IP address if the
- IRIS can't translate a host's IP address into a name. The _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e field
- is optional; if missing, the name of the remote user must match the local
- username. Spaces or tabs are used to separate the hostname from the
- username.
-
- The _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e field normally contains the name of a trusted host from
- which a remote access can be made. However, a hostname consisting of a
- single `++++' indicates that all known hosts are to be trusted. (Sites
- connected to external networks such as the Internet should nnnnooootttt use `++++'.)
- An entry consisting of a hostname prefixed with a minus sign (-) denies
- access to any user from that host. Remote access can also be given or
- denied for all hosts within a specific network group (if the optional NIS
- software has been enabled). An entry of the form:
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- ++++@@@@_g_r_o_u_p
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- means that all hosts in the named network group are trusted. An entry of
- the form:
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-
-
- ----@@@@_g_r_o_u_p
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- means that all hosts in the group are not trusted; remote access is
- denied to hosts in that group, except when an entry for a specific host
- appears ahead of the ``minus'' group entry.
-
- The _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e field can be used to specify a user who is allowed to log in
- under aaaannnnyyyy valid user ID. Careful thought about security should be given
- before providing this privilege to a user. You can also specify a
- _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e field with the form:
-
- ++++
- ----_u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e
- ++++@@@@_g_r_o_u_p_1
- ----@@@@_g_r_o_u_p_2
-
- where ++++ means any user is allowed access to any account, and ----_u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e
- means the specified user is denied access (except when previous entries
- allow the specific user access). The ++++@@@@ netgroup allows any user in
- _g_r_o_u_p_1 to log in as anyone, and no one from _g_r_o_u_p_2 to log in at all.
-
- TTTThhhheeee UUUUsssseeeerrrr''''ssss ....rrrrhhhhoooossssttttssss FFFFiiiilllleeee
- If none of the entries in /_e_t_c/_h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v give access to the user's
- account, the user's ._r_h_o_s_t_s file is checked if the file exists. If a
- remote user is excluded by a minus entry from _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v but included in
- ._r_h_o_s_t_s, then that remote user is considered trusted and given access to
- the local user's account. The ._r_h_o_s_t_s file has the same format as the
- _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v file. If an entry does not contain an explicit username, the
- local user's name is implicitly used.
-
- TTTThhhheeee RRRRooooooootttt ....rrrrhhhhoooossssttttssss FFFFiiiilllleeee
- When the remote user attempts to a remote access to the super-user
- account, _r_o_o_t, only the /._r_h_o_s_t_s file is checked, not /_e_t_c/_h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v.
- Special care should be taken in deciding the contents of _r_o_o_t's ._r_h_o_s_t_s
- file. Create _r_o_o_t's /._r_h_o_s_t_s only if all systems and their consoles are
- physically secure and all privileged accounts have passwords. Be
- selective about the systems you add to the file. Given access to a
- console on a machine with /._r_h_o_s_t_s privileges, someone can log in as any
- user, including the superuser, and become _r_o_o_t on any system that has
- your system's name and _r_o_o_t in its /._r_h_o_s_t_s file.
-
- NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEESSSS
- The owner of the ._r_h_o_s_t_s file must be the super-user (i.e., _r_o_o_t) or the
- user in whose home directory it resides. The contents of a user's
- ._r_h_o_s_t_s file will be disregarded if it is owned by another user or if its
- permissions allow anyone who is not the owner to modify the file. Use
- the _c_h_m_o_d(1) command to add the proper protection:
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- chmod 600 .rhosts
-
- Likewise, /_e_t_c/_h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v must be owned by and writable only by the
- super-user.
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- PPPPaaaaggggeeee 2222
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- If the user's home directory is NFS-mounted, the system daemons that try
- to read the user's ._r_h_o_s_t_s file may fail if the NFS server treats uid 0
- as ``nobody'' (see _e_x_p_o_r_t_s(_4)). In this case, the permissions on the
- directory and on the ._r_h_o_s_t_s file should allow read and search access by
- anyone, so it may be located and read.
-
- If _r_s_h commands to your account on an IRIS with a ._r_h_o_s_t_s file fail with
- ``permission denied'' errors, for example, it means you have used the
- wrong hostname or the IRIS can't translate the remote host's IP address
- into a name. _R_l_o_g_i_n to the IRIS and use the hostname or IP address
- contained in the REMOTEHOST environment variable as the hostname in your
- ._r_h_o_s_t_s file. The following will display the environment variable:
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- echo $REMOTEHOST
-
- You must use the fully-qualified hostname of the remote system if the
- IRIS's domain (as obtained from _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e(_1) or _g_e_t_h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e(_2)) is missing
- or not the same as the remote domain.
-
- The programs mentioned above use the _r_u_s_e_r_o_k(_3_N) library routine to grant
- access based on the contents of these files. Other programs, such as
- _s_u(1M) also use this routine.
-
- WWWWAAAARRRRNNNNIIIINNNNGGGG
- The references to network groups (+@ and -@ entries) in _h_o_s_t_s._e_q_u_i_v and
- ._r_h_o_s_t_s are only supported when the _n_e_t_g_r_o_u_p file is supplied by the NIS.
-
- Be sure to to place entries with restrictions for a host preceding
- permissions for it; the effect of specifications is order-dependent.
- Also, once a host is mentioned, it is no longer subject to default
- action. Hence, listing it once with a specific _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e reference will
- usually require an additional, following line which specifies the
- handling for remaining users.
-
- EEEEXXXXAAAAMMMMPPPPLLLLEEEESSSS
- The following ._r_h_o_s_t_s file for user _w_a_r_r_e_n on host _c_l_y_d_e._w_i_d_g_e_t_s._c_o_m
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- +
- + beatty
- clyde +
- bonnie.gadgets.com faye
- gate-bonnie.gadgets.com faye
-
- permits the following users on the following hosts to access _w_a_r_r_e_n's
- account on _c_l_y_d_e:
- warren any host
- beatty any host
- any user clyde.widgets.com
- faye bonnie.gadgets.com or gate-bonnie.gadgets.com
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- PPPPaaaaggggeeee 3333
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- HHHHOOOOSSSSTTTTSSSS....EEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIVVVV((((4444)))) HHHHOOOOSSSSTTTTSSSS....EEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIVVVV((((4444))))
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- FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
- /etc/hosts.equiv
- /etc/passwd
- ~/.rhosts
-
- SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
- rcp(1C), rdist(1C), rlogin(1C), rsh(1C), su(1M), rcmd(3N), ruserok(3N),
- netgroup(4)
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